Insights to the formation of secondary inorganic PM2.5: Current knowledge and future needs

Lingjuan Wang-Li

Abstract


As a criteria pollutant, fine particulate matter (fine PM, i.e. PM2.5) adversely affects public health and environment, contributes to visibility degradation and regional haze. Atmospheric fine PM includes primary and secondary PM2.5. While the primary PM2.5 is from direct emissions, the secondary PM2.5 is formed in the atmosphere through photochemical reaction, condensation and other atmospheric processes. Although it is well known that ammonia (NH3) may react with acidic gas species to form secondary inorganic PM2.5 (iPM2.5) as ammonium salts, limited research has been done to quantify the impacts of NH3 emissions of animal feeding operations (AFOs) on the dynamics of such chemical reactions and gas-particle phases partitioning. This paper is to provide comprehensive review of existing research on AFO PM chemical speciation and on the formation of secondary iPM2.5 as impacted by AFO air emissions. Research gaps and future studies in characterizing AFO PM and assessing impacts of AFO air emissions on atmospheric PM are discussed.
Keywords: environmental pollution, particulate matter, inorganic PM2.5, animal feeding operations, ammonia, formation of secondary PM2.5
DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20150802.1810

Keywords


environmental pollution, particulate matter, inorganic PM2.5, animal feeding operations, ammonia, formation of secondary PM2.5

Full Text:

PDF

References


US EPA. Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Final Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. 2012. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ecas/ regdata/RIAs/finalria.pdf. Accessed on [2015-03-12].

USEPA. National Emission Inventory-National Emissions Inventory, version 1, technical support document. Revised draft report. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 2013.

Donham K J, Reynolds S J, Whitten P, Merchant J A, Burmeister L, Popendorf W J. Respiratory dysfunction in swine production facility workers: dose-response relationships of environmental exposures and pulmonary- function. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1995; 27(3): 405–418.

Pope III C A, Ezzati M, Dockery D W. Fine-particulate air pollution and life expectancy in the United States. New England Journal of Medicine, 2009; 360(4): 376–386.

Pui D Y H, Chen S C, Zuo Z L. PM2.5 in China: Measurements, sources, visibility and health effects, and mitigation. Particuology, 2014; 13: 1–26.

Franklin M, Koutrakis P, Schwartz J. The role of particle composition on the association between PM2.5 and mortality. Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.), 2008; 19(5): 680–689.

Paulot F, Jacob D J. Hidden cost of U.S. agricultural exports: particulate matter from ammonia emissions. Environmental Science and Technology, 2014; 48(2), 903–908.

US EPA. Visibility in Mandatory Federal Class I Areas, 1994-1998. 1998. http://www.epa.gov/airquality/visibility/ report/index.html. Accessed on [2015-03-12]

US EPA. Integrated science assessment for particulate matter (final report). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC, 2009.

Hinds WC. Aerosol Technology; Properties, Behavior and Measurement of Airborne Particles. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1998.

Seinfeld J H, Pandis S N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From Air Pollution to Climate Change. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1998.

NARSTO. Particulate Matter Science for Policymakers: A NARSTO Assessment. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Walker J T, Robarge W P, Shendrikar A, Kimball H. Inorganic PM2.5 at a U.S. agricultural site. Environmental Pollution, 2006; 139(2): 258–271.

Malm W C, Sisler J F, Huffman D, Eldred R A, Cahill T S. Spatial and seasonal trends in particle concentration and optical extinction in the United States. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012), 1994; 99(D1): 1347–1370.

Tolocka M P, Solomon P A, Mitchell W, Norris G A, Gemmill D B, Weiner R W, et al. East versus West in the US: chemical characteristics of PM2.5 during the winter of 1999. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2001; 34(1): 88–96.

Henze D K, Seinfeld J H, Shindell D T. Inverse modeling and mapping US air quality influences of inorganic PM2.5 precursor emissions using the adjoint of GEOS-Shem. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009; 9(16): 5877–5903.

Heald C L, CollettJr J L, Lee T, Benedict K B, Schwandner F M, Li Y, et al. Atmospheric ammonia and particulate inorganic nitrogen over the United States. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012; 12(21): 10295–10312.

Ianniello A, Spataro F, Esposito G, Allegrini I, Hu M, Zhu T. Chemical characteristics of inorganic ammonium salts in PM2.5 in the atmosphere in Beijing (China). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011; 11(21): 10803–10822, 2011.

Wang Y, Zhuang G, Tang A, Yuan H, Sun Y, Chen S, Zheng A. The ion chemistry and the source of PM2.5 aerosol in Beijing. Atmospheric Environment, 2005; 39(21): 3771–3784.

Sun Y L, Zhuang G S, Wang Y, Han L H, Guo J H, Dan M, et al. The air-borne particulate pollution in Beijing – concentration, composition, distribution and sources. Atmospheric Environment, 2004; 38(35): 5991–6004.

Yao X, Chan C K, Fang M, Cadle S, Chan T, Mulawa P, et al. The water-soluble ionic composition of PM2.5 in Shanghai and Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment, 2002, 36(26): 4223–4234.

Pinder R W, Adams P J, Pandis S N. Ammonia emission controls as a cost-effective strategy for reducing atmospheric particulate matter in the Eastern United States. Environmental Science and Technology, 2007, 41(2): 380–386.

US EPA. Estimating ammonia emissions from anthropogenic nonagricultural sources - draft final report. 2004. http: //www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/eiip_areasourcesnh3.pdf. Accessed on [2015-03-14].

US EPA. Air emission characterization and management. Supporting documentation for the EPA regional science workshop on animal feeding operations (AFOs) – science and technical support needs, 2004. http: //www.epa.gov/osp/ presentations/afo/s2_airemis.pdf. Accessed on [2015-03-14].

US EPA. Air Quality Compliance Agreement for Animal Feeding Operations. 2005. http://www.epa.gov/compliance/ resources/agreements/caa/cafo-agr-0501.html. Accessed on [2015-03-14].

US EPA. Agriculture-Air Monitoring, Data from Sites Monitored. 2010. http://www.epa.gov/airquality/ agmonitoring/data.html. Accessed on [2014-07-07].

NRC. Air Emissions from Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs.US: Washington D.C, The National Academies Press, 2003.

Cambra-López M, Aarnink A J A, Zhao Y, Calvet Y, Torres A G. Airborne particulate matter from livestock production systems: a review of an air pollution problem. Environmental Pollution, 2010; 158(1): 1–17.

Cambra-López M, Torres A G, Aarnink A J A, Ogink N W M. Source analysis of fine and coarse particulate matter from livestock houses. Atmospheric Environment, 2011; 45(3): 694–707.

Cambra-López M, Hermosilla T, Lai H T L, Aarnink A J A, Ogink N W M. Particulate matter emitted from poultry and pig houses: source identification and quantification. Transaction of the ASABE, 2011; 54(2): 629–642.

Yang X, Wang X, Zhang Y, Lee J, Su J, Gates R S. Characterization of trace elements and ions in PM10 and PM2.5 emitted from animal confinement buildings. Atmospheric Environment, 2011; 45(39): 7096–7104.

Li Q F. Particulate matter from an egg production facility: emission, chemistry and local dispersion. PhD dissertation. Raleigh: North Carolina State University, 2012.

Wang-Li L, Cao Z, Buser M, Whitelock D, Parnell C B, Zhang Y. Techniques for measuring particle size distribution of particulate matter emitted from animal feeding operations. Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 2013; 66: 25–32.

Wang-Li L, Cao Z, Li Q, Liu Z, Beasley D B. Concentration and particle size distribution of particulate matter emitted from tunnel ventilated high-rise layer operation houses. Atmospheric Environment, 2013, 66: 8–16.

Finlayson-Pitts B J, Pitts J N. Atmospheric Chemistry: Fundamentals and experimental techniques. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1986.

Li Q F, Wang-Li L, Liu Z, Jayanty R K M., Shah S B, Bloomfield P. Major ionic compositions of fine particulate matter in an animal feeding operation facility and its vicinity. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 2014; 64(11): 1279–1287.

Li Q F, Wang-Li L, Shah S B, Jayanty R K M, Bloomfield P. Ammonia concentrations and modeling inorganic particulate matter in the vicinity of an egg production facility. Journal of Environmental Science and Pollutant Research, 2014; 21(6): 4675–4685.

Li Q F, Wang-Li L, Jayanty R K M, Shah S B. Elemental Composition and Chemical Mass Closure of Fine Particulate in an Animal Feeding Operation Facility and its Vicinity. Journal of Environmental Protection. Accepted.

Liang J, Jacobson M Z. A study of sulfur dioxide oxidation pathways over a range of liquid water contents, pH values, and temperatures. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1999; 104(D11): 13749–13769.

US EPA. Chemical Speciation-Laboratory Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs), 2011. http: //www.epa.gov/ ttnamti1/specsop.html. Accessed on [2015-03-12].

Wang-Li L. Techniques for characterization of particulate matter emitted from animal feeding operations. Peer-reviewed book chapter of “Evaluating Veterinary Pharmaceutical Behavior in the Environments”. American Chemical Society (ACS). 2013; pp15–39. DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1126.ch002.

IMPROVE. Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments. http://vista.cira.colostate.edu/improve/. Accessed on [2015-03-12].

US EPA. www.epa.gov/CASTNET. Accessed on [2015-03-12].

US EPA. Chemical Speciation. http://www.epa.gov/ttn/ amtic/speciepg.html. Accessed on [2015-03-12].

Jayanty R K M, Flanagan J B. An overview of chemical speciation fine particle monitoring networks in the U.S.A. 2010. http://www.dri.edu/images/stories/editors/leapfrog/ techprog/Ie_6_Jayanty.pdf. Accessed on [2015-03-14].

US EPA, CASTNET 2012 Annual Report. 2012. http://epa.gov/castnet/javaweb/docs/annual_report_2012.pdf. Accessed on [2015-03-12].

Aarnink A J A, Roelofs P F M M, Ellen H H, Gunnink H, Dust sources in animal houses. 1999.

Cambra-López M, Hermosilla T, Aarnink A J A, Ognik N. Selection of particle characteristics to distinguish amongst potential sources of particulate matter in poultry and pigs. An ASABE Meeting Presentation, 2011. doi: 10.13031/2013.37777

Yang X, Wang X; Zhang Y, Lee J, Su J; Gates R S. Characterization of trace elements and ions in PM10 and PM2.5 emitted from animal confinement buildings. Atmospheric Environment, 2011; 45(39): 7096–7104.

Zhao Y, Cliff S S, Wexler A S, Javed W, Perry K, Pan Y, et al. Measurements of size- and time-resolved elemental concentration at a California dairy farm. Atmospheric Environment, 2014, 94: 773–781.

Li Q F, Wang-Li L, Liu Z F, Beasley D B. Chemical characterization of particulate matter emitted from animal feeding operations. ASABE Technical Paper, 2009.

Li QF, Wang-Li L, Jayanty R K M, Shah S B. Organic and elemental carbons in atmospheric fine particulate in an animal agriculture intensive area in North Carolina: estimation of secondary organic carbon concentration. Open Journal of Air Pollution, 2013; 2: 7–18.

Saxena P, Hudischewskyj A B, Seigneur C, Seinfeld J H. A comparative study of equilibrium approaches to the chemical characterization of secondary aerosols. Atmospheric Environment, 1986; 20(7): 1471–1483.

Tanner R L, Marlow W H, Newman L. Chemical composition correlations of size-fractionated sulfate in New York City aerosol. Environmental Science and Technology, 1979; 13(1): 75–78.

Zhang Y, Wu S Y, Krishnan S, Wang K, Queen A, Aneja V P, et al. Modeling agricultural air quality: current status, major challenges and outlook. Atmospheric Environment, 2008; 42(14): 3218–3237.

Asman W A H, Sutton M A, Schjørring J K. Ammonia: emission, atmospheric transport and deposition. New Phytologist, 1998; 139(1): 27–48.

Stelson A W, Seinfeld J H. Relative humidity and temperature dependence of the ammonium nitrate dissociation constant. Atmospheric Environment, 1982; 16(5): 983–992.

Mozurkewich M. The dissociation constant of ammonium nitrate and its dependence on temperature, relative humidity and particle size. Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics, 1993; 27(2): 261–270.

Wang-Li L, Li Q F, Wang K, Bogan B W, Ni J Q, Cortus E L, et al. National air emissions monitoring study’s Southeast layer site: Part I. site characteristics and monitoring methodology. Transaction of the ASABE, 2013; 56(3): 1157–1171.

Li Q F, Wang-Li L, Wang K, Chai L, Cortus E L, Kilic I, et al. National air emissions monitoring study’s Southeast layer site: Part II. particulate matter. Transaction of the ASABE. 2013; 56(3): 1173–1184.

Wang-Li L, Li Q F, Chai L, Cortus E L, Wang K, Kilic I, et al. National air emissions monitoring study’s Southeast layer site: Part III. ammonia concentrations and emissions. Transaction of the ASABE, 2013; 56(3): 1185–1197.

Li Q F, Wang-Li L, Bogan B W, Wang K, Chai L, Ni J Q, et al. National air emissions monitoring study’s Southeast layer site: Part IV. effects of farm management. Transaction of the ASABE, 2013; 56(3): 1199–1209.

Arogo J, Westerman P W, Heber A J, Robarge W P, Classen J J. Ammonia emissions from animal feeding operations. National Center for Manure and Animal Waste Management White Papers, 2002; 41–88.

Faulkner W B, Shaw B W. Review of ammonia emission factors from United States animal agriculture. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(27): 6565–6574.

Gates R S, Casey K D, Wheeler E F, Xin H, Pescatore A J. U.S. broiler housing ammonia emissions inventory. Atmospheric Environment, 2008; 42(14): 3342–3350.

Lin X J, Cortus E L, Zhang R, Jiang S, Heber A J. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter emissions from California high-rise layer houses. Atmospheric Environment, 2012; 46: 81–91.

Maghirang R G, Manbeck H B, Roush W B, Muir F V. Air contaminant distributions in a commercial laying house. Transactions of the ASAE (USA), 1991; 34(5): 2171–2179.

Ni J Q, Chai L, Chen L, Bogan B W, Wang K, Cortus E L, et al. Characteristics of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter concentrations in high-rise and manure-belt layer hen houses. Atmospheric Environment, 2012; 57: 165–174.

Nicholson F A, Chambers B J, Walker A W. Ammonia emissions from broiler litter and laying hen manure management systems. Biosystems Engineering, 2004; 89(2): 175–185.

Roumeliotis T S, Dixon B J, Van Heyst B J. Characterization of gaseous pollutant and particulate matter emission rates from a commercial broiler operation: Part II. Correlated emission rates. Atmospheric Environment, 2010; 44(31): 3778–3786.

Roumeliotis T S, Dixon B J, Van Heyst B J. Characterization of gaseous pollutant and particulate matter emission rates from a commercial broiler operation: Part I. Observed trends in emissions. Atmospheric Environment, 2010; 44(31): 3770–3777.

Wheeler E F, Casey K D, Gates R S, Xin H, Zajaczkowski J L, Topper P A, et al. Ammonia emissions from twelve U.S. broiler chicken houses. Transactions of the ASAE, 2006; 49(5): 1495–1512.

Pinder R W, Adams P J, Pandis S N, Gilliland A B. Temporally resolved ammonia emission inventories: Current estimates, evaluation tools, and measurement needs. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2006, 111(D16): 310.

US EPA. The 2011 National emissions inventory. http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/net/2011inventory.html. Accessed on [2015-03-14].

Strader R, Peckney N J, Pinder R W, Adams P J, Goebes M, Ayers J, et al. The CMU ammonia emission inventory, 2005. Available at http://www.cmu.edu/ammonia. Accessed on March 15, 2015.

Adams P J, Seinfeld J H, Koch D M. Global concentrations of tropospheric sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium aerosol simulated in a general circulation model. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1999, 104(D11): 13791–13823.

Aneja V P, Roelle P A, Murray G C, Southerland J, Erisman J W, Fowler D, et al. Atmospheric nitrogen compounds II: emissions, transport, deposition, and assessment. Atmospheric Environment, 2001; 35(11): 1903–1911. doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00543-4.

NADP. Ammonia monitoring network (AMoN). http://nadp.sws.uiuc.edu/amon/. Accessed on [2015-03-14].

Aneja V P, Nelson D R, Roelle P A, Walker J T. Agricultural ammonia emissions and ammonium concentrations associated with aerosols and precipitation in southeast United States. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012), 2003; 108(D4): 4152.

Walker J T, Aneja V P, Dickey D A. Atmospheric transport and wet deposition of ammonium in North Carolina. Atmospheric Environment, 2000; 34(20): 3407–3418.

Walker J, Nelson D, Aneja V P. Trends in ammonium concentration in precipitation and atmospheric ammonia emissions at a coastal plain site in North Carolina U.S.A. Environmental Science and Technology, 2000; 34(17): 3527–3534.

Duyzer J. Dry deposition of ammonia and ammonium aerosols over heathland. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1994; 99(D9): 18757–18763.

Sutton M A, Asman W A H, Schjoerring J K. Dry deposition of reduced nitrogen. Tellus B, 1994; 46(4): 255–273.

Asman W A H. Factors influencing local dry deposition of gases with special reference to ammonia. Atmospheric Environment, 1998; 32(3): 415–421.

Asman W A H. Modelling the atmospheric transport and deposition of ammonia and ammonium: an overview with special reference to Denmark. Atmospheric Environment, 2001; 35(11): 1969–1983.

Asman W A H, Drukker B, Janssen A J. Modelled historical concentrations and depositions of ammonia and ammonium in Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 1988; 22(4): 725–735.

Asman W A H, Harrison R M, Ottley C J. Estimation of the net air-sea flux of ammonia over the southern bight of the North Sea. Atmospheric Environment, 1994; 28(22): 3647–3654.

Asman W A H, Janssen A J. A long-range transport model for ammonia and ammonium for Europe. Atmospheric Environment, 1987; 21(10): 2099–2119.

Nenes A, Pandis S N, Pilinis C. ISORROPIA: a new thermodynamic equilibrium model for multiphase multicomponent inorganic aerosols. Aquatic Geochemistry, 1998; 4(1): 123–152.

Makar P A, Moran M D, Zheng Q, Cousineau S, Sassi M, Duhamel A, et al. Modeling the impacts of ammonia emissions reductions on North American air quality, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2009; 9(2): 5371–5422.

Huntzicker J J, Cary R A, Ling C S. Neutralization of sulfuric acid aerosol by ammonia. Environmental Science and Technology, 1980; 14(7): 819–824.

Olszyna K J, Bairai S T, Tanner R L. Effect of ambient NH3 levels on PM2.5 composition in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Atmospheric Environment, 2005, 39(25): 4593–4606.

Ansari A S, Pandis S N. An analysis of four models predicting the partitioning of semivolatile inorganic aerosol components. Aerosol Science and Technology, 1999, 31(2-3): 129–153.

Wu S Y, Hu J L, Zhang Y, Aneja V P. Modeling atmospheric transport and fate of ammonia in North Carolina—Part II: Effect of ammonia emissions on fine particulate matter formation. Atmospheric Environment, 2008, 42(14): 3437–3451.

Liu Z, Wang L, Li Q, Beasley D B. Response of PM characteristics to NH3 and other gaseous emissions at a southeaster layer operation. ASABE Annual International Meeting, 2009.

Walker J T, Whitall D R, Robarge W, Paerl H W. Ambient ammonia and ammonium aerosol across a region of variable ammonia emission density. Atmospheric Environment, 2004; 38(9): 1235–1246.

Hristov A N. Technical note: contribution of ammonia emitted from livestock to atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) in the United States. Journal of Dairy Science, 2011; 94(6): 3130–3136.

USDA. Agricultural Air Quality Task Force White Paper. Ammonia emissions: what to know before you regulate. 2014. http://www.soils.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/national/air/taskforce/?cid=stelprdb1268645. Accessed on [2015-03-15].




Copyright (c)



2023-2026 Copyright IJABE Editing and Publishing Office